PMC

Platforms based on nanomaterials for physical isolation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from urine. (A) Mechanism of an integrated device (Exodisc) for isolating urinary EVs through two nanofilters with different pore diameters (600:20 nm). Reprinted with permission from Woo et al. (). (B) Mechanism of urinary exosomes isolation using nanomaterials device combined with double-filtration (200:30 nm). Reprinted with permission from Liang et al. (). (C) Mechanism of nanomembrane-based modular platform (ExoTIC) for isolating urinary EVs. Reprinted with permission from Liu et al. (). (D) Mechanism of a nanomaterials device (Exo-POS) combined with a vacuum syringe and nanomembrane for isolating urinary EVs. Reprinted with permission from Deng et al. (). (E) Mechanism of a nanomaterials device (EXODUC) combined with nanoporous membrane and oscillators for isolating urinary EVs. Reprinted with permission from Chen et al. ().

Spatial properties of peripheral blue-on cells. A, Example spatial frequency tuning curves for a peripheral blue-on cell (eccentricity 22°). Lines show DOG fits. Responses to both S-cone isolating and silent-S gratings are predominantly spatial low pass. B, Comparison of center radius measured with S-cone isolating and silent-S (M+L) gratings. Center radius was obtained from DOG fits as in A and B. The S-cone center mechanism is slightly smaller than the M+L mechanism. cyc, Cycles; deg, degree(s); imp.s^-1, impulses per second.

Microfluidic chips based on nanomaterials for isolation of EVs from urine. (A) Mechanism of a microfluidic chip for isolating urinary EVs using electrostatic interactions between the anchored ZnO/Al₂O₃ core-shell nanowires and EVs. Reprinted with permission from Yasui et al. (). (B) Mechanism of a microfluidic chip composed of arrays of the deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) pillars for urinary exosomes isolation. Reprinted with permission from Wunsch et al. ().

Proposed mechanism for the reaction of FDTS. dUMP is activated by deprotonating N3 (1). The negative charge delocalizes onto O4 and O2, isolating electronically the enamine substructure (highlighted in yellow), enhancing its nucleophilicity for reaction with the methylene carbon of the flavin-iminium adduct proposed. Removal of the C5 proton of the bridged adduct by the phosphate of dUMP leads, ultimately, to production of dTMP and oxidized FAD.